Arietta Richmond - Author

In the Regency era, the circulating library became a cultural phenomenon, democratising access to literature and fuelling the growing popularity of novels. These libraries, such as Hookham’s in London, allowed the middle class to      borrow books for a small fee, making reading more accessible than ever before. However, they also sparked controversy, as many of the novels they offered      were considered scandalous or morally questionable.

The Birth of the Circulating Library

Circulating libraries emerged in the 18th century but reached their peak during the Regency era. They were particularly popular in towns and cities, where they catered to the growing middle class. For a modest subscription fee, members could borrow books, often including the latest novels, poetry, and non-fiction works.

These libraries were more than just places to borrow books; they were social hubs where people could gather, discuss literature, and exchange ideas. For women, who had limited access to formal education, circulating libraries provided an opportunity to expand their knowledge and engage with contemporary culture.

The Popularity of Novels

The Regency era saw a surge in the popularity of novels, thanks in large part to circulating libraries. Authors like Jane Austen, Ann Radcliffe, and Maria Edgeworth found a ready audience for their works, which explored themes of love, marriage, and social mobility. However, not all novels were considered respectable. Gothic novels, with their tales of horror and romance, were particularly controversial, with critics accusing them of corrupting young readers.

Despite these concerns, novels became a staple of circulating libraries, appealing to readers of all ages and backgrounds. The ability to borrow books rather than purchase them made literature more affordable and accessible, contributing to the rise of a reading public.

The Role of Women

Circulating libraries played a significant role in the lives of Regency women. For many, reading was one of the few acceptable forms of entertainment and self-improvement. Novels, in particular, offered a window into worlds beyond their own, allowing them to explore ideas and experiences that were otherwise off-limits.

However, the popularity of novels also led to concerns about their influence. Critics argued that romantic fiction could give women unrealistic expectations about love and marriage, while Gothic novels were accused of encouraging immoral behaviour. These debates reflected broader anxieties about the changing role of women in society.

The Legacy of Circulating Libraries

The rise of circulating libraries marked a turning point in the history of literature. By making books more accessible, they helped to create a culture of reading that extended beyond the elite. They also played a crucial role in the development of the novel as a literary form, providing a platform for authors to reach a wider audience.

Today, the legacy of circulating libraries can be seen in modern public libraries and digital platforms like Kindle Unlimited. While the formats have changed, the desire for accessible, affordable literature remains the same.

Conclusion

The circulating library was a defining feature of Regency culture, reflecting the era’s changing attitudes toward literature, education, and social class. By democratising access to books, these libraries helped to shape the literary landscape of the 19th century and beyond.

References for Further Reading:

• Regency Circulating Libraries — Why, How and Who?
  https://regencyredingote.wordpress.com/2011/10/21/regency-circulating-libraries-why-how-and-who/
• The Role of Circulating Libraries
  https://randombitsoffascination.com/2025/04/10/the-role-of-circulating-libraries-2/

The corset is one of the most iconic garments in fashion history, but its role in the Regency era was quite different from its later Victorian counterpart. During the Regency period, corsets were designed to create a natural, flowing  silhouette rather than the exaggerated hourglass shape of the mid-19th century. However, they were still controversial, with critics arguing that they were harmful to women’s health.

The Regency Corset: A Softer Silhouette

Regency corsets, often called ‘stays,’ were shorter and less rigid than those of the Victorian era. They were designed to support the bust and create a high-waisted, column-like shape that complemented the empire-line dresses of the time. Made from linen or cotton and reinforced with whalebone or reed, these corsets were relatively comfortable compared to their successors.

The emphasis was on a natural, graceful figure rather than extreme waist reduction. This reflected the neoclassical ideals of the era, which celebrated simplicity and elegance over ostentation.

The Health Debate

Despite their relative comfort, Regency corsets were not without controversy. Critics argued that even the lighter stays could restrict breathing and movement, leading to health problems. Some physicians claimed that tight lacing could cause digestive issues, fainting, and even damage to internal organs.

However, the debate was often exaggerated. While some women undoubtedly laced their corsets too tightly, most Regency stays were designed to provide support without causing harm. The real health risks associated with corsets became more pronounced in the Victorian era, when fashion demanded increasingly restrictive garments.

The Social Implications

The corset was more than just a piece of clothing; it was a symbol of femininity and social status. Wearing a corset was seen as a mark of respectability, as it helped maintain the proper posture and silhouette expected of a lady. For working-class women, who often could not afford corsets or needed greater freedom of movement, the lack of a corset was a visible sign of their lower status.

The Legacy of the Corset

The Regency corset laid the groundwork for the more extreme styles of the Victorian era, but it also represented a shift in attitudes toward women’s fashion. Its emphasis on natural beauty and comfort was a departure from the rigid, heavily structured garments of the 18th century.

Today, the corset remains a powerful symbol of fashion history, evoking both admiration for its craftsmanship and criticism for its impact on women’s bodies. The Regency corset, in particular, serves as a reminder of the era’s unique blend of elegance and practicality.

Conclusion

 The Regency corset reflects the changing ideals of beauty and femininity in the early 19th century. While it was less restrictive than its Victorian counterpart, it was still a source of controversy and debate. The corset’s legacy endures as a testament to the complex relationship between fashion, health, and societal expectations.

References for Further Reading:

• The Corset: Fashioning the Body
  https://artsandculture.google.com/story/the-corset-fashioning-the-body-the-museum-at-fit/6AXRW2u2jYt1Kw?hl=en
• The Dangers of Tight Lacing: The Effects of the Corset
  https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/library-and-publications/library/blog/effects-of-the-corset/

In Regency England, the governess occupied a unique and often precarious position in society. She was neither a servant nor a member of the family,                  but somewhere in between. This ambiguous status made her role both      challenging and isolating, as she navigated the expectations of her employers      and the limitations of her social standing. 

The Governess’s Duties 

The primary role of the governess was to educate the children of the household, particularly the daughters. Her responsibilities included teaching reading, writing, arithmetic, and often French, as well as instructing the girls in music, drawing, and needlework. For boys, her role was usually limited to early childhood education, as they were later sent to school or tutored by male instructors. 

The governess was also expected to instil proper manners and morals in her charges, preparing them for their future roles in society. This made her a key figure in shaping the character and behaviour of the next generation. 

The Social Position of the Governess 

The governess’s social position was fraught with contradictions. She was often a gentlewoman by birth, typically the daughter of a clergyman or a bankrupt gentleman, forced to work due to financial necessity. While she was educated and refined, her employment placed her in a subordinate position within the household. 

This liminal status made the governess’s life difficult. She was not allowed to socialize with the family as an equal, nor could she fraternize with the servants. This isolation was compounded by the fact that she often had little opportunity to form friendships or find companionship outside the household. 

The Challenges of the Role 

The life of a governess was far from glamorous. She worked long hours, often with little respite, and her wages were meagre. Moreover, her position was highly vulnerable. A governess could be dismissed without notice if her employers were dissatisfied with her work or if the children no longer needed her services. 

The lack of job security and the constant pressure to maintain a facade of respectability took a toll on many governesses. Some turned to writing, like the Brontë sisters, who drew on their experiences as governesses in their novels. Others faced a bleak future, with few options for employment or marriage. 

The Legacy of the Governess 

Despite the challenges, the governess played a crucial role in Regency society. She was often the only source of education for many young women, particularly those from middle-class families who could not afford to send their daughters to school. Her influence extended beyond the classroom, as she helped shape the values and aspirations of her charges. 

The figure of the governess also became a popular subject in literature, from Jane Eyre to The Turn of the Screw. These portrayals reflect the complexities of her role and the societal attitudes toward women’s work and independence. 

Conclusion 

The role of the governess in Regency England highlights the tensions between class, gender, and education. While her position was often difficult and isolating, her contributions to the upbringing and education of children were invaluable. The governess remains a symbol of the challenges faced by women who sought to navigate the rigid social hierarchies of their time. 

 References for Further Reading: 

• The Governess in Regency England
  https://janeaustensworld.com/2010/09/15/the-governess-in-regency-england/
  This article explores the role and challenges of the governess in Regency society. 
• The Life of a Governess in the 19th Century
  https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/The-Life-of-a-Governess/
  A detailed look at the daily life and struggles of governesses in the 19th century. 

In the Regency era, letter writing wasn’t just about staying in touch—it was a refined social skill, a daily ritual, and, at times, an emotional lifeline. Whether one was confessing love, sharing gossip, managing estates, or discussing politics, letters were the elegant heartbeat of communication. 

The Role of Letters in Society 

Before emails, phones, or even postcards, letters were everything. Travel was slow and costly, so letters were the glue that held relationships together—especially among the upper classes. Writing a thoughtful, well-composed letter was considered a mark of intelligence and proper upbringing. A lady or gentleman’s ability to turn a phrase could enhance their reputation as much as their manners or dress. 

And it wasn’t just personal. Letters were vital in politics and diplomacy too. Alliances were brokered, deals struck, and secrets shared—all by pen. The correspondence of prominent figures like Jane Austen or Lord Byron now serves as a time capsule, offering a peek into the minds and moods of the age. 

The Etiquette of Letter Writing 

Albert Edelfelt: Dam som skriver brev.
NM 2653

Letter writing came with its own unwritten rules (pun entirely intended): 

• Formality mattered: Letters to acquaintances or social superiors were carefully phrased, with elaborate greetings and closings. Friends and family? A bit more relaxed—but never sloppy. 

• Penmanship was a virtue: A flowing, legible hand wasn’t just practical—it was a reflection of your character. Sloppy handwriting could be seen as careless, or worse, uncultured. 

• Seals were serious business: A letter wasn’t truly complete until it was sealed with wax—often bearing the sender’s crest, initials, or a decorative motif. Not just functional, but also a final flourish of style. 

The Decline of Letter Writing 

As the 19th century rolled on, the world sped up. The telegraph, then the telephone, slowly replaced letters for quick communication. What had once been a daily necessity faded into an occasional nicety. 

But while the practice has waned, its impact remains. Historic letters offer rich insight into lives once lived—snippets of love, ambition, and everyday routines captured in ink and preserved for centuries. 

Conclusion 

Letter writing in the Regency era was more than correspondence—it was connection. Thoughtful, deliberate, and often beautiful, it reminded people to slow down, choose their words carefully, and express themselves with elegance. In an age of instant messages and quick replies, it’s a lost art worth remembering. 

 References for Further Reading: 

• A Touch of Quill and Ink: Regency Letter Writing 
  https://randombitsoffascination.com/2022/11/15/a-touch-of-quill-and-ink-regency-letter-writing/ 
  All about letter writing in the Regency period. 

Regency breakfast

In the Regency era, breakfast was not the hurried meal we know today. Instead, it was a leisurely, multi-course affair that reflected the social status and lifestyle of the upper classes. Unlike modern breakfasts, which are often eaten on the go, the Regency breakfast was a time for family and guests to gather, converse, and enjoy a variety of dishes. 

The Timing of Breakfast 

Breakfast in Regency England was typically served late in the morning, often between 9 and 11 a.m. This was because the upper classes led a lifestyle that included late nights of socializing, balls, and dinners. Rising early was not a priority, and breakfast became a mid-morning ritual. 

The Menu 

Detroy, Jean-Francois; A Hunt Breakfast; The Wallace Collection; http://www.artuk.org/artworks/a-hunt-breakfast-209493

The Regency breakfast table was a lavish spread that included both sweet and savoury dishes. Common items included: 

• Cold meats: Ham, tongue, and game pies were popular choices. 

• Bread and pastries: Freshly baked rolls, muffins, and toast were staples. 

• Eggs: Often served boiled, poached, or as part of a dish like kedgeree (a spiced rice and fish dish). 

• Tea and coffee: These beverages were essential, with tea being the more popular choice. 

• Fruit and preserves: Fresh fruit, jams, and marmalades added a touch of sweetness. 

For those who could afford it, breakfast might also include more exotic items like chocolate or imported fruits. The meal was served buffet-style, allowing guests to choose their favourites. 

The Social Aspect 

Breakfast was a social event, particularly in country houses where guests might stay for extended periods. It was an opportunity for family members and visitors to catch up on news, discuss plans for the day, and enjoy each other’s company. The informal atmosphere of breakfast made it a more relaxed affair compared to the rigid etiquette of dinner. 

The Decline of the Leisurely Breakfast 

As the 19th century progressed, the Industrial Revolution and the rise of the middle class led to changes in daily routines. Breakfast became a quicker, more utilitarian meal for many people. However, the tradition of the leisurely breakfast persisted among the upper classes, particularly in country estates. 

Conclusion 

The Regency breakfast offers a glimpse into the lifestyle of the era’s elite. It was a meal that combined indulgence with social interaction, reflecting the values and priorities of a society that prized leisure and refinement. 

 References for Further Reading: 

• Meals in Regency England. A Regency Breakfast 
  https://caitlyncallery.wordpress.com/2016/07/16/meals-in-regency-england-a-regency-breakfast/ 
  A look at breakfast during the Regency era. 

Almack’s Assembly Room

Almack’s Assembly Rooms, located in London’s St. James’s district, were the epicentre of Regency high society. Known as the “‘Marriage Mart,“‘ Almack’s was where the elite gathered to see and be seen, and where marriage prospects were made or broken. The venue’s strict rules and exclusive guest list made it a symbol of social status and aspiration. 

The Rise of Almack’s 

Almack’s opened in 1765 and quickly became the most fashionable venue in London. By the Regency era, it was under the control of a group of influential patronesses, including Lady Jersey and Lady Cowper, who wielded immense power over who was admitted. Entry was by voucher only, and even the wealthiest and most titled individuals could be denied access if they failed to meet the patronesses’ exacting standards. 

The Voucher System 

The voucher system was the key to Almack’s exclusivity. Each patroness had a limited number of vouchers to distribute, and obtaining one was a mark of social approval. The process was highly subjective, with factors such as family connections, reputation, and even personal appearance playing a role. Once inside, guests were expected to adhere to strict rules, including a dress code that required men to wear knee breeches and women to wear white gloves. 

The Marriage Mart 

Almack’s was not just a social venue; it was a marketplace for marriage. Young debutantes were presented to society at Almack’s, where they hoped to attract the attention of eligible bachelors. The Wednesday night balls were particularly important, as they provided an opportunity for couples to dance and socialise under the watchful eyes of chaperones. These were only held for 12 consecutive Wednesdays over the Season. 

The stakes were high, as a successful match could secure a family’s social standing and financial future. Conversely, a misstep at Almack’s could lead to social ruin. The pressure to conform to the venue’s rigid etiquette was immense, and many young women found the experience overwhelming. 

The Decline of Almack’s 

By the mid-19th century, Almack’s had lost its lustre. Changes in society, including the rise of new venues and more relaxed social norms, made the Assembly Rooms seem outdated. However, its legacy endures as a symbol of the exclusivity and ambition of Regency high society. 

Conclusion 

Almack’s Assembly Rooms were more than just a venue; they were a microcosm of Regency society. The strict rules and exclusive guest list reflected the era’s obsession with status and propriety, while the Marriage Mart highlighted the importance of marriage as a social and economic institution.

References for Further Reading: 

• Almack’s Assembly Rooms: The Marriage Mart 
  https://janeaustensworld.com/2006/08/28/almacks-assembly-rooms/ 
  This article provides an in-depth look at the history and significance of Almack’s. 

The Regency era marked a dramatic shift in women’s fashion, particularly with the rise of the high-waisted, thin muslin dress. These garments, inspired by classical Greek and Roman styles, were a stark departure from the heavy, structured gowns of the 18th century. While they symbolised elegance and simplicity, they also sparked controversy, as they often revealed more of the female form than older generations deemed proper — most notably, the scandalous glimpse of an ankle. 

The Influence of Neoclassicism 

The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars brought a wave of neoclassical influence to European fashion. Women’s dresses began to emulate the flowing lines of ancient Greek and Roman attire, with high waistlines just below the bust, lightweight fabrics like muslin, and minimal ornamentation. This style was popularized by figures such as Empress Joséphine of France, whose wardrobe became a template for fashionable women across Europe. 

The simplicity of these dresses was a reaction against the excesses of the ancien régime, but it also reflected the era’s fascination with antiquity and the ideals of democracy and natural beauty. However, this new fashion was not without its critics. 

The Ankle Controversy 

One of the most shocking aspects of Regency dresses was their length. Unlike the floor-length gowns of the previous century, Regency dresses often ended just above the ankle, exposing the wearer’s feet and sometimes even her stockings. This was considered scandalous, as ankles were seen as a highly private part of the body. Older generations viewed the trend as immodest and a sign of moral decline. 

The lightweight fabric of muslin added to the controversy. Unlike the heavy silks and brocades of earlier decades, muslin was semi-transparent when wet, leading to concerns about propriety. Women often dampened their dresses to make them cling to their figures, a practice that further scandalized conservative observers. 

The Role of Undergarments 

The shift in fashion also led to changes in undergarments. The restrictive stays of the 18th century were replaced by softer corsets or even abandoned altogether in favour of simple shifts. This newfound freedom of movement was liberating for women but added to the perception that Regency fashion was overly revealing. 

The Legacy of Regency Fashion 

Despite the controversy, the Regency style had a lasting impact on fashion. Its emphasis on simplicity and natural beauty paved the way for future trends, and the high-waisted silhouette remains a timeless classic. The era’s fashion also reflected broader social changes, as women began to assert more independence and reject the rigid constraints of the past. 

Conclusion 

The scandal of ankle-baring dresses highlights the tension between tradition and innovation in Regency society. While some saw the new fashion as a symbol of moral decay, others embraced it as a celebration of freedom and natural beauty. Either way, it marked a turning point in the history of fashion. 

 References for Further Reading: 

• Neoclassism
• 1810-1819 = Fashion History Timeline 

The Regency era saw the rise of the dandy, epitomised by Beau Brummell, whose obsession with fashion revolutionised men’s clothing. Brummell’s emphasis on simplicity, fit, and cleanliness marked a departure from the ostentatious styles of the previous century. His influence extended beyond fashion, shaping the ideals      of masculinity and social behaviour in Regency England. 

Beau Brummell: The Original Dandy 

George ‘Beau’ Brummell (1778–1840) was a former army officer who became the arbiter of men’s fashion in Regency London. Unlike the flamboyant styles of the 18th century, which featured elaborate embroidery, bright colours, and powdered wigs, Brummell championed a more understated aesthetic. His signature look included a dark tailcoat, perfectly fitted trousers, a crisp white shirt, and an immaculately tied cravat. He believed that true elegance lay in simplicity and attention to detail. 

Brummell’s influence was so profound that even the Prince Regent (later George IV) sought his advice on matters of dress. His daily routine, which reportedly included hours of grooming and multiple changes of clothing, set a new standard for male elegance. Brummell’s mantra, ‘If people turn to look at you in the street, you are not well dressed’, encapsulated his philosophy of understated sophistication. 

The Dandy Movement 

The rise of the dandy was not just about fashion; it was a cultural phenomenon that reflected broader social changes. The dandy represented a new ideal of masculinity — one that valued refinement, wit, and self-control over brute strength or inherited privilege. This was particularly appealing in a society where social mobility was becoming increasingly possible. 

Dandies like Brummell were also known for their sharp wit and social acumen. They frequented exclusive clubs like White’s and Brooks’, where they engaged in witty banter and high-stakes gambling. Their ability to navigate the complexities of high society was as important as their sartorial choices. 

The Legacy of the Dandy 

Brummell’s influence extended far beyond his lifetime. His emphasis on fit and tailoring laid the groundwork for modern menswear. The dark suit, white shirt, and necktie that he popularised remain staples of men’s fashion to this day. The dandy movement also paved the way for later fashion icons, from Oscar Wilde to Tom Ford. 

However, Brummell’s life was not without tragedy. His extravagant lifestyle eventually led to financial ruin, and he spent his final years in exile in France, suffering from syphilis. Despite his downfall, his legacy endures as a symbol of elegance and refinement. 

Conclusion 

The rise of the dandy, epitomized by Beau Brummell, was a defining feature of Regency society. It represented a shift in ideals of masculinity and social behaviour, emphasising refinement and self-presentation over ostentation. Brummell’s influence on fashion and culture remains evident today, reminding us of the enduring power of style. 

 References for Further Reading: 

• Beau Brummell and the Birth of the Dandy 

In Regency England, the exchange of calling cards was a meticulously choreographed ritual that dictated social interactions. These small, elegantly printed cards were more than just a means of introduction — they were a reflection of one’s status, intentions, and adherence to societal norms. The practice of using calling cards, or visiting cards, was an essential part of the social fabric, governing who could visit whom, when, and under what circumstances. 

The Origins of Calling Cards 

Calling cards originated in 17th-century Europe, particularly in France, where they were used by aristocrats to announce their arrival at social gatherings. By the Regency era, the practice had become firmly entrenched in British high society. The cards themselves were often made of high-quality paper, embossed with the owner’s name and sometimes a family crest. For women, the cards might also include their husband’s name and title, reflecting their marital status and social standing. 

The Etiquette of Exchange 

The rules surrounding calling cards were strict and unforgiving. A misstep in etiquette could lead to social ostracism, making the process both a privilege and a minefield. Here are some key aspects of the etiquette: 

• Timing: Calls were only made during specific hours, usually in the afternoon. Morning visits were reserved for close friends and family, while evening calls were considered improper. 

• Presentation: Cards were presented to the servant at the door, who would then deliver them to the lady of the house. The servant would also note the caller’s name and the time of the visit in a ledger. 

• Folding: The corners of the card could be folded to convey specific messages. For example, a folded top-left corner might signify a personal visit, while a folded bottom-right corner could indicate condolences. 

Social Implications 

The exchange of calling cards was a way to navigate the complex social hierarchy of Regency England. A rejected card could signify social ostracism, while a warmly received one could open doors to prestigious gatherings. The practice also reinforced gender roles, as women were often the gatekeepers of these social interactions. A lady’s ability to manage her calling card list was seen as a reflection of her social acumen and standing. 

The Role of the ‘At Home’ Day 

One of the most important aspects of calling card etiquette was the concept of the ‘At Home’ day. Ladies of the house would designate specific days when they would be available to receive visitors. These days were often published in social calendars, and failing to adhere to them could result in social embarrassment. The ‘At Home’ day was a way to manage the influx of visitors and ensure that social interactions remained orderly. 

The Decline of Calling Cards 

As society evolved, the rigid etiquette of calling cards gave way to more informal modes of communication. The rise of the telephone and the increasing pace of life in the late 19th and early 20th centuries made the practice seem outdated. However, their legacy remains in modern business cards and the enduring importance of first impressions. 

Conclusion 

The art of the calling card offers a fascinating glimpse into the complexities of Regency society. It was a world where even the smallest details — like the fold of a card or the timing of a visit — could have significant social implications. The practice underscores the importance of etiquette and the lengths to which people went to maintain their social standing. 

 References for Further Reading: 

• The Etiquette of Calling Cards in the Regency Era
• Calling Cards and Social Etiquette in the 19th Century
• The Language of Calling Cards
• Let’s Get Social: Morning Calls and Calling Cards in Austen’s Day 

In the Regency era, where societal norms often restricted direct communication, especially between men and women, the fan became more than just a            fashionable accessory—it was a tool of subtle expression. Known as “fanology”          or the “language of fans,” this intricate system of gestures allowed women to convey messages discreetly, navigating the rigid etiquette of the time with        grace and ingenuity. 

The Origins of Fan Language 

The use of fans as a means of communication dates back to ancient civilizations, but it reached its peak in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries. In Regency England, fans were not only a symbol of status but also a covert method of expression. Women, constrained by societal expectations, used fans to flirt, reject suitors, or signal their marital status without uttering a word.  

The Secret Code of Gestures 

The language of fans was built on a series of gestures, each with a specific meaning. For example: 

• Drawing the fan across the cheek: “I love you.” 

• Twirling the fan in the left hand: “We are being watched.” 

• Dropping the fan: “Let’s just be friends.” 

• Fanning slowly: “I am married.” 

• Fanning quickly: “I am engaged.” 

These gestures allowed women to communicate their feelings and intentions in a society where overt expressions of emotion were frowned upon. The fan became a silent yet powerful tool for navigating courtship and social interactions. 

The Role of Fan Makers 

The popularity of fan language was partly fueled by fan makers like Jean-Pierre Duvelleroy, who published leaflets detailing the gestures to boost sales. While some historians argue that the “language of fans” was more of a marketing gimmick than a widely understood code, it nonetheless became a cultural phenomenon, immortalized in literature and art. 

Fans in Literature and Society 

The fan’s role in Regency society was romanticized in works like Oscar Wilde’s Lady Windermere’s Fan and Jane Austen’s novels. It symbolized elegance, mystery, and the art of subtle communication. Fans were also used in games like “Fanology,” where participants would use printed questions and answers on fans to engage in playful conversations. 

The Decline of Fan Language 

By the late 19th century, as societal norms relaxed and women gained more freedom of expression, the language of fans fell out of favour. However, its legacy endures as a fascinating example of how people adapted to the constraints of their time, using creativity and ingenuity to communicate. 

Conclusion 

The language of fans offers a glimpse into the complexities of Regency society, where even the flutter of a fan could speak volumes. It reminds us of the power of subtlety and the enduring human desire to connect, even in the most restrictive circumstances.  

Supporting Links 

• The Secret Language of Fans | Sotheby’s 

• Discover the FANS LANGUAGE: SOCIAL CODES of the 19th Century 

• Language of the Fan – Jane Austen’s World 

• 13 Etiquette Commandments from the Regency era – Debretts