Immerse Yourself in Regency Historical Romance

Author: Arietta Richmond (Page 1 of 5)

The Lost Art of Letter Writing

In the Regency era, letter writing wasn’t just about staying in touch—it was a refined social skill, a daily ritual, and, at times, an emotional lifeline. Whether one was confessing love, sharing gossip, managing estates, or discussing politics, letters were the elegant heartbeat of communication. 

The Role of Letters in Society 

Image of a handwritten letter.

Before emails, phones, or even postcards, letters were everything. Travel was slow and costly, so letters were the glue that held relationships together—especially among the upper classes. Writing a thoughtful, well-composed letter was considered a mark of intelligence and proper upbringing. A lady or gentleman’s ability to turn a phrase could enhance their reputation as much as their manners or dress. 

And it wasn’t just personal. Letters were vital in politics and diplomacy too. Alliances were brokered, deals struck, and secrets shared—all by pen. The correspondence of prominent figures like Jane Austen or Lord Byron now serves as a time capsule, offering a peek into the minds and moods of the age. 

The Etiquette of Letter Writing 

A painting of lady in the Regency period sitting at a table, writing a letter.

Albert Edelfelt: Dam som skriver brev.
NM 2653

Letter writing came with its own unwritten rules (pun entirely intended): 

  • Formality mattered: Letters to acquaintances or social superiors were carefully phrased, with elaborate greetings and closings. Friends and family? A bit more relaxed—but never sloppy. 
  • Penmanship was a virtue: A flowing, legible hand wasn’t just practical—it was a reflection of your character. Sloppy handwriting could be seen as careless, or worse, uncultured. 
  • Seals were serious business: A letter wasn’t truly complete until it was sealed with wax—often bearing the sender’s crest, initials, or a decorative motif. Not just functional, but also a final flourish of style. 

The Decline of Letter Writing 

As the 19th century rolled on, the world sped up. The telegraph, then the telephone, slowly replaced letters for quick communication. What had once been a daily necessity faded into an occasional nicety. 

But while the practice has waned, its impact remains. Historic letters offer rich insight into lives once lived—snippets of love, ambition, and everyday routines captured in ink and preserved for centuries. 

Conclusion 

Letter writing in the Regency era was more than correspondence—it was connection. Thoughtful, deliberate, and often beautiful, it reminded people to slow down, choose their words carefully, and express themselves with elegance. In an age of instant messages and quick replies, it’s a lost art worth remembering. 

 References for Further Reading: 

The Regency Breakfast: A Leisurely Affair

A depiction of a Regency breakfast.

Regency breakfast

In the Regency era, breakfast was not the hurried meal we know today. Instead, it was a leisurely, multi-course affair that reflected the social status and lifestyle of the upper classes. Unlike modern breakfasts, which are often eaten on the go, the Regency breakfast was a time for family and guests to gather, converse, and enjoy a variety of dishes. 

The Timing of Breakfast 

Breakfast in Regency England was typically served late in the morning, often between 9 and 11 a.m. This was because the upper classes led a lifestyle that included late nights of socializing, balls, and dinners. Rising early was not a priority, and breakfast became a mid-morning ritual. 

The Menu 

An oil canvas painting of an outdoor breakfast during the Regency period.

Detroy, Jean-Francois; A Hunt Breakfast; The Wallace Collection; http://www.artuk.org/artworks/a-hunt-breakfast-209493

The Regency breakfast table was a lavish spread that included both sweet and savoury dishes. Common items included: 

  • Cold meats: Ham, tongue, and game pies were popular choices. 
  • Bread and pastries: Freshly baked rolls, muffins, and toast were staples. 
  • Eggs: Often served boiled, poached, or as part of a dish like kedgeree (a spiced rice and fish dish). 
  • Tea and coffee: These beverages were essential, with tea being the more popular choice. 
  • Fruit and preserves: Fresh fruit, jams, and marmalades added a touch of sweetness. 

For those who could afford it, breakfast might also include more exotic items like chocolate or imported fruits. The meal was served buffet-style, allowing guests to choose their favourites. 

The Social Aspect 

Breakfast was a social event, particularly in country houses where guests might stay for extended periods. It was an opportunity for family members and visitors to catch up on news, discuss plans for the day, and enjoy each other’s company. The informal atmosphere of breakfast made it a more relaxed affair compared to the rigid etiquette of dinner. 

The Decline of the Leisurely Breakfast 

As the 19th century progressed, the Industrial Revolution and the rise of the middle class led to changes in daily routines. Breakfast became a quicker, more utilitarian meal for many people. However, the tradition of the leisurely breakfast persisted among the upper classes, particularly in country estates. 

Conclusion 

The Regency breakfast offers a glimpse into the lifestyle of the era’s elite. It was a meal that combined indulgence with social interaction, reflecting the values and priorities of a society that prized leisure and refinement. 

 References for Further Reading: 

The Importance of Almack’s Assembly Rooms: Marriage and Society

A pencil drawing of Regency building.

Almack’s Assembly Room

Almack’s Assembly Rooms, located in London’s St. James’s district, were the epicentre of Regency high society. Known as the Marriage Mart, Almack’s was where the elite gathered to see and be seen, and where marriage prospects were made or broken. The venue’s strict rules and exclusive guest list made it a symbol of social status and aspiration. 

The Rise of Almack’s 

Almack’s opened in 1765 and quickly became the most fashionable venue in London. By the Regency era, it was under the control of a group of influential patronesses, including Lady Jersey and Lady Cowper, who wielded immense power over who was admitted. Entry was by voucher only, and even the wealthiest and most titled individuals could be denied access if they failed to meet the patronesses’ exacting standards. 

The Voucher System 

The voucher system was the key to Almack’s exclusivity. Each patroness had a limited number of vouchers to distribute, and obtaining one was a mark of social approval. The process was highly subjective, with factors such as family connections, reputation, and even personal appearance playing a role. Once inside, guests were expected to adhere to strict rules, including a dress code that required men to wear knee breeches and women to wear white gloves. 

The Marriage Mart 

A picture of Regency people dancing in the hall.

Almack’s was not just a social venue; it was a marketplace for marriage. Young debutantes were presented to society at Almack’s, where they hoped to attract the attention of eligible bachelors. The Wednesday night balls were particularly important, as they provided an opportunity for couples to dance and socialise under the watchful eyes of chaperones. These were only held for 12 consecutive Wednesdays over the Season. 

The stakes were high, as a successful match could secure a family’s social standing and financial future. Conversely, a misstep at Almack’s could lead to social ruin. The pressure to conform to the venue’s rigid etiquette was immense, and many young women found the experience overwhelming. 

The Decline of Almack’s 

By the mid-19th century, Almack’s had lost its lustre. Changes in society, including the rise of new venues and more relaxed social norms, made the Assembly Rooms seem outdated. However, its legacy endures as a symbol of the exclusivity and ambition of Regency high society. 

Conclusion 

Almack’s Assembly Rooms were more than just a venue; they were a microcosm of Regency society. The strict rules and exclusive guest list reflected the era’s obsession with status and propriety, while the Marriage Mart highlighted the importance of marriage as a social and economic institution.

References for Further Reading: 

The Scandal of Ankle-Baring Dresses: Regency Fashion Revolution

The Regency era marked a dramatic shift in women’s fashion, particularly with the rise of the high-waisted, thin muslin dress. These garments, inspired by classical Greek and Roman styles, were a stark departure from the heavy, structured gowns of the 18th century. While they symbolised elegance and simplicity, they also sparked controversy, as they often revealed more of the female form than older generations deemed proper — most notably, the scandalous glimpse of an ankle. 

The Influence of Neoclassicism 

The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars brought a wave of neoclassical influence to European fashion. Women’s dresses began to emulate the flowing lines of ancient Greek and Roman attire, with high waistlines just below the bust, lightweight fabrics like muslin, and minimal ornamentation. This style was popularized by figures such as Empress Joséphine of France, whose wardrobe became a template for fashionable women across Europe. 

The simplicity of these dresses was a reaction against the excesses of the ancien régime, but it also reflected the era’s fascination with antiquity and the ideals of democracy and natural beauty. However, this new fashion was not without its critics. 

The Ankle Controversy 

An image of three Regency ladies in flowing ankle-length dresses.

One of the most shocking aspects of Regency dresses was their length. Unlike the floor-length gowns of the previous century, Regency dresses often ended just above the ankle, exposing the wearer’s feet and sometimes even her stockings. This was considered scandalous, as ankles were seen as a highly private part of the body. Older generations viewed the trend as immodest and a sign of moral decline. 

The lightweight fabric of muslin added to the controversy. Unlike the heavy silks and brocades of earlier decades, muslin was semi-transparent when wet, leading to concerns about propriety. Women often dampened their dresses to make them cling to their figures, a practice that further scandalized conservative observers. 

The Role of Undergarments 

A drawing of a white corset used during the Regency era.

The shift in fashion also led to changes in undergarments. The restrictive stays of the 18th century were replaced by softer corsets or even abandoned altogether in favour of simple shifts. This newfound freedom of movement was liberating for women but added to the perception that Regency fashion was overly revealing. 

The Legacy of Regency Fashion 

Despite the controversy, the Regency style had a lasting impact on fashion. Its emphasis on simplicity and natural beauty paved the way for future trends, and the high-waisted silhouette remains a timeless classic. The era’s fashion also reflected broader social changes, as women began to assert more independence and reject the rigid constraints of the past. 

Conclusion 

The scandal of ankle-baring dresses highlights the tension between tradition and innovation in Regency society. While some saw the new fashion as a symbol of moral decay, others embraced it as a celebration of freedom and natural beauty. Either way, it marked a turning point in the history of fashion. 

 References for Further Reading: 

The Rise of the Dandy: Beau Brummell and Male Fashion

The Regency era saw the rise of the dandy, epitomised by Beau Brummell, whose obsession with fashion revolutionised men’s clothing. Brummell’s emphasis on simplicity, fit, and cleanliness marked a departure from the ostentatious styles of the previous century. His influence extended beyond fashion, shaping the ideals      of masculinity and social behaviour in Regency England. 

Beau Brummell: The Original Dandy 

A painting of a regency man in a tailored dark suit and tall black boots holding a hat in his right hand.

George ‘Beau’ Brummell (1778–1840) was a former army officer who became the arbiter of men’s fashion in Regency London. Unlike the flamboyant styles of the 18th century, which featured elaborate embroidery, bright colours, and powdered wigs, Brummell championed a more understated aesthetic. His signature look included a dark tailcoat, perfectly fitted trousers, a crisp white shirt, and an immaculately tied cravat. He believed that true elegance lay in simplicity and attention to detail. 

Brummell’s influence was so profound that even the Prince Regent (later George IV) sought his advice on matters of dress. His daily routine, which reportedly included hours of grooming and multiple changes of clothing, set a new standard for male elegance. Brummell’s mantra, ‘If people turn to look at you in the street, you are not well dressed’, encapsulated his philosophy of understated sophistication. 

The Dandy Movement 

The rise of the dandy was not just about fashion; it was a cultural phenomenon that reflected broader social changes. The dandy represented a new ideal of masculinity — one that valued refinement, wit, and self-control over brute strength or inherited privilege. This was particularly appealing in a society where social mobility was becoming increasingly possible. 

Dandies like Brummell were also known for their sharp wit and social acumen. They frequented exclusive clubs like White’s and Brooks’, where they engaged in witty banter and high-stakes gambling. Their ability to navigate the complexities of high society was as important as their sartorial choices. 

The Legacy of the Dandy 

A painting of a curly Regency man in a tailored peach coat with holding a black hat in his left hand.

Brummell’s influence extended far beyond his lifetime. His emphasis on fit and tailoring laid the groundwork for modern menswear. The dark suit, white shirt, and necktie that he popularised remain staples of men’s fashion to this day. The dandy movement also paved the way for later fashion icons, from Oscar Wilde to Tom Ford. 

However, Brummell’s life was not without tragedy. His extravagant lifestyle eventually led to financial ruin, and he spent his final years in exile in France, suffering from syphilis. Despite his downfall, his legacy endures as a symbol of elegance and refinement. 

Conclusion 

The rise of the dandy, epitomized by Beau Brummell, was a defining feature of Regency society. It represented a shift in ideals of masculinity and social behaviour, emphasising refinement and self-presentation over ostentation. Brummell’s influence on fashion and culture remains evident today, reminding us of the enduring power of style. 

 References for Further Reading: 

The Art of the Calling Card: Strict Etiquette and Social Interactions

In Regency England, the exchange of calling cards was a meticulously choreographed ritual that dictated social interactions. These small, elegantly printed cards were more than just a means of introduction — they were a reflection of one’s status, intentions, and adherence to societal norms. The practice of using calling cards, or visiting cards, was an essential part of the social fabric, governing who could visit whom, when, and under what circumstances. 

The Origins of Calling Cards 

A golden round tray containing a bunch of calling cards

Calling cards originated in 17th-century Europe, particularly in France, where they were used by aristocrats to announce their arrival at social gatherings. By the Regency era, the practice had become firmly entrenched in British high society. The cards themselves were often made of high-quality paper, embossed with the owner’s name and sometimes a family crest. For women, the cards might also include their husband’s name and title, reflecting their marital status and social standing. 

The Etiquette of Exchange 

A calling card inscribed with the name Mr. Sebastian Melmoth

The rules surrounding calling cards were strict and unforgiving. A misstep in etiquette could lead to social ostracism, making the process both a privilege and a minefield. Here are some key aspects of the etiquette: 

  • Timing: Calls were only made during specific hours, usually in the afternoon. Morning visits were reserved for close friends and family, while evening calls were considered improper. 
  • Presentation: Cards were presented to the servant at the door, who would then deliver them to the lady of the house. The servant would also note the caller’s name and the time of the visit in a ledger. 
  • Folding: The corners of the card could be folded to convey specific messages. For example, a folded top-left corner might signify a personal visit, while a folded bottom-right corner could indicate condolences. 

Social Implications 

The exchange of calling cards was a way to navigate the complex social hierarchy of Regency England. A rejected card could signify social ostracism, while a warmly received one could open doors to prestigious gatherings. The practice also reinforced gender roles, as women were often the gatekeepers of these social interactions. A lady’s ability to manage her calling card list was seen as a reflection of her social acumen and standing. 

The Role of the ‘At Home’ Day 

One of the most important aspects of calling card etiquette was the concept of the ‘At Home’ day. Ladies of the house would designate specific days when they would be available to receive visitors. These days were often published in social calendars, and failing to adhere to them could result in social embarrassment. The ‘At Home’ day was a way to manage the influx of visitors and ensure that social interactions remained orderly. 

The Decline of Calling Cards 

As society evolved, the rigid etiquette of calling cards gave way to more informal modes of communication. The rise of the telephone and the increasing pace of life in the late 19th and early 20th centuries made the practice seem outdated. However, their legacy remains in modern business cards and the enduring importance of first impressions. 

Conclusion 

The art of the calling card offers a fascinating glimpse into the complexities of Regency society. It was a world where even the smallest details — like the fold of a card or the timing of a visit — could have significant social implications. The practice underscores the importance of etiquette and the lengths to which people went to maintain their social standing. 

 References for Further Reading: 

The Language of Fans: How Women Used Fans to Communicate Secret Messages

In the Regency era, where societal norms often restricted direct communication, especially between men and women, the fan became more than just a            fashionable accessory—it was a tool of subtle expression. Known as “fanology”          or the “language of fans,” this intricate system of gestures allowed women to convey messages discreetly, navigating the rigid etiquette of the time with        grace and ingenuity. 

The Origins of Fan Language 

The use of fans as a means of communication dates back to ancient civilizations, but it reached its peak in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries. In Regency England, fans were not only a symbol of status but also a covert method of expression. Women, constrained by societal expectations, used fans to flirt, reject suitors, or signal their marital status without uttering a word.  

The Secret Code of Gestures 

A regency lady hiding the lower part of her right face behind a black fan spread out in front of her.

The language of fans was built on a series of gestures, each with a specific meaning. For example: 

  • Drawing the fan across the cheek: “I love you.” 
  • Twirling the fan in the left hand: “We are being watched.” 
  • Dropping the fan: “Let’s just be friends.” 
  • Fanning slowly: “I am married.” 
  • Fanning quickly: “I am engaged.” 

These gestures allowed women to communicate their feelings and intentions in a society where overt expressions of emotion were frowned upon. The fan became a silent yet powerful tool for navigating courtship and social interactions. 

The Role of Fan Makers 

The popularity of fan language was partly fueled by fan makers like Jean-Pierre Duvelleroy, who published leaflets detailing the gestures to boost sales. While some historians argue that the “language of fans” was more of a marketing gimmick than a widely understood code, it nonetheless became a cultural phenomenon, immortalized in literature and art. 

Fans in Literature and Society 

A sideway image of a regency lady in a formal attire holding a fan pointed toward her.

The fan’s role in Regency society was romanticized in works like Oscar Wilde’s Lady Windermere’s Fan and Jane Austen’s novels. It symbolized elegance, mystery, and the art of subtle communication. Fans were also used in games like “Fanology,” where participants would use printed questions and answers on fans to engage in playful conversations. 

The Decline of Fan Language 

By the late 19th century, as societal norms relaxed and women gained more freedom of expression, the language of fans fell out of favour. However, its legacy endures as a fascinating example of how people adapted to the constraints of their time, using creativity and ingenuity to communicate. 

Conclusion 

The language of fans offers a glimpse into the complexities of Regency society, where even the flutter of a fan could speak volumes. It reminds us of the power of subtlety and the enduring human desire to connect, even in the most restrictive circumstances.  

Supporting Links 

12 Things That did not Exist Yet in the Regency Era

There are lots of things in our daily lives that we don’t even think about – we just take them for granted – we assume, subconsciously, that they have always
existed, even though, academically, we know that’s not true. here are twelve things that did not exist yet in the Regency era – some that were just being invented, some that were more than a hundred years away!  See if any of
them surprise you!

1.     Street lights as we know them
For the most part, there were no street lights at all.  Building owners might
hang out lanterns above their doors (and at some stages, there were laws requiring that in London), but mostly streets were dark at night, except for a small number of areas in London where gas streetlamps (which had each to be lit by hand each night) had been installed. Wider gas lamp use on streets did not occur until the 1830s at least.

2.    Headlights
For a start, there were no cars, only carriages, and no electricity, so if a person wanted to drive their carriage at night, the only option they had was what was called ‘carriage lamps’. These were oil lamps, which sat in holders on the outside of the carriage, near the front at each side. they had mirrored interiors to create as much light as possible from the one small flame. But…. not much reach at all – basically, if you drove your carriage at night, you were relying on the fact that horses have rather good night vision.

3.    Baby carriages/ prams
Oddly enough, no one had thought to create a wheeled vehicle for moving small children about yet. people were just beginning to consider it. In the mid 1700s, the first ‘child transporting devices’ (other than carrying a child in a sling against your body) were invented, and were basically miniature carriages, designed to be pulled by a dog, goat or very small pony. It wasn’t until the 1830s that models designed to be pushed by a human were made, and they did not take off in England until Queen Victoria used them for her children in the 1840s. So in the Regency era, all of those poor Nannies had to either carry the children, or somehow get them to walk with them, even when they were tiny.

4.    Photographs
Whilst the concept of photographs was coming into existence, and it it thought that some images had been made on light sensitized paper before 1820, the first known photograph was in 1826, in France, and photos of people did not begin to happen until the late 1830s. So in the Regency era, if you wanted a picture of someone to carry with you, you had a painter paint a miniature portrait.

5.    Refrigeration
In the Regency era, refrigeration was still almost entirely by the creation of ice houses. Huge blocks of ice were cut from high mountain areas, or from frozen rivers during winter, and stacked around the walls of cellars dug into the earth in cool, often damp, places (like close to rivers), then food and the like was stored in there. By the end of Summer, most of the ice would have melted, and there would be no cold storage until winter set in again, unless huge sums were paid to transport ice blocks from mountain areas. Scientists were, from the late 1700s, experimenting with chemical and mechanical refrigeration techniques, but they were not widely known or available.  It would be the mid 1800s before that became possible.  In my upcoming novel, ‘A Bluestocking for a Baron’, the hero owns ice houses as a business, and he, and the heroine, are investigating the new discoveries.

6.    Antibiotics, painkillers and anaesthetics
Antibiotics were not discovered, as such, until the early 1900s, although it was known from long before that, that putting mouldy bread on a wound often improved the chance of the person healing. (that was, of course, because the mould on the bread was a penicillin mould). The people who knew this, however, tended to be battlefield surgeons, or women who were traditional healers – both of whose opinions were ignore by the famous physicians of the time. So getting injured, even in a seemingly minor way, was very dangerous, if infection set in. To add to the situation, there were no painkillers as we know them today. traditional healers used things like ground willow-bark (which we now know contains salicylic acid, which is the compound from which aspirin is made) to help with pain, but again, physicians spurned the traditional remedies. Anaesthetics did not exist yet either, although ether had been used experimentally for the purpose, but was not acknowledged for that use until 1846.  So any operation had to be done with nothing to stop the pain (usually alcohol was given to the person, so that when the pain hit, they passed out rapidly.).  Imagine how painful an amputation would be, or the removal of a bullet or arrow from a wound, with nothing for anaesthetic at all! And… nothing to ease the pains of childbirth at all…

7.    Flush toilets (there were the first few…)
Whilst the concept of the flush toilet, and how one might be built, was described as early as 1596, it required water plumbed from an overhead cistern 0 which most houses did not have. It did not take as a concept, although some royal residences had early versions. Then, in 1775, an Englishman, Alexander Cumming, patented the idea of the S curve pipe on the outflow of such a device (which cut down the smells that could flow back out of the sewer. between that, and the expansion of the existence of actual sewer drains (rather than just a channel in the middle of the street), flush toilets were possible in the Regency Era – if you were fabulously wealthy and willing to risk such an odd new invention. So very few existed until the mid to late 1800s. Generally, during the regency era, toilets were either a seat over a hole that dropped into a pit in the earth, a chamber pot, which the maids had to empty and clean, or what was called a ‘close stool’ – which was a seat, in which a chamber pot was enclosed, which had a lid you could shut after you had used it.  The maid still had to clean it out later…

8.    Hay bales
The square bale of hay (and in the last 30 to 40 years, the round bale of hay), bound together by twine or wire, did not exist in the regency era. the machine that made the creation of such bales possible was not invented until the 1830s. During the regency, hay was still collected by hand, bound or stacked in ‘stooks’ and haystacks, and pitchforked onto wagons to transport it to either haybarns (barns were only for hay – stables were for horses, byres for cows, and pens for pigs) or to stables, where it would be again moved with pitchforks to where it was needed.

9.    Trains (the first steam driven ones had just been invented)
The first steam train was actually used in 1804 in Wales, moving coal and the like for an ironworks. passenger and freight trains, near London and throughout Britain, did not start to become frequent until 1828. But the potential had been recognised. During the regency era, there were many companies working to put railways in place, and shares in those companies were a popular investment for the wealthy.

10.   Any kind of air craft (even hot air balloons were just experimental then)
Most people know that airplanes were not created until the early 1900s. but we tend to think of hot air balloons as being around long before that. It is true that the first hot air balloon flight was in France, in 1783, but they were not used as transport, or in any regular way, for a long time after that. they were rather dangerous – no easy way to steer them, at the mercy of the winds etc. So during the regency, whilst they were known about, and there were even a couple of times when one was launched from the royal parks in London (with a great crowd watching on to see the amazing thing), they were not common at all for many decades after that.

11.   Sewing machines
The first sewing machine was invented in 1790 – but it was a heavy device, designed for sewing leather and heavy canvas, not for sewing as we know it today. It was not until the 1830s that the first sewing machines designed for sewing clothing were made. Even though the industrial revolution had brought mechanical looms to the weaving industry by the regency era, the mechanisation had not stretched to the actual sewing of the fabric created yet. So all of the clothes made in the regency era were sewn by hand, by tailors and seamstresses, whose skill was remarkable, as was the speed with which they could create a garment. This meant, pretty much, that every garment was tailor made to exactly fit the person who ordered it. Some businesses had begun to ‘premake’ some garments for the lower classes (who did not care if they did not fit perfectly, so long as they could afford them), but those were still all hand sewn.

12.   Washing machines
Washing machines are one of those things we don’t think about – but they were not invented, as we know them today, until the late 1800s. Even the metal washboard (a metal sheet with lots of bumps and slots to let water through, which the person washing rubbed their clothes up and down on, with some water and soap added to the garment) was not invented until the 1830s.  There were wooden equivalents before that, and in large houses and laundries (which did exist as commercial things in some places) they had huge wooden or metal tubs, which were sometimes heated, and had water piped to them from overhead cisterns. The laundry maids either moved the clothes about in those with big wooden paddles, or occasionally they had a paddle on an axle, and it could be turned by a crank handle. But it was all driven by people. Most clothes were rarely washed (undergarments got washed the most, as they were usually plainer fabric, and would not be seen as they wore and stained), and many fabrics used for aristocratic clothing could not be washed, without the colour running, the garment going completely out of shape, or similar. So, if a dress got mud stained around the hem, it might be given to a maid, or sent for rags (rags were in demand, as paper was made from rags). This also meant that, especially in summer, clothing became rather strongly scented with the sweat of its wearer…

So… there we are, twelve things you probably did not know about the Regency era (and may not have wanted to know….). Did any of this surprise you?  Let me know your thoughts.

What did the parts of London where the aristocracy lived look like in the Regency Era?

In my books, I don’t often describe the outside of the homes of my characters much, when it is their London houses (the country houses usually get more description). But having recently been in London, I thought I’d talk about that today.  We tend to think of the houses of very wealthy people as being
separate houses – large things, with extensive gardens around them. But that
was not the case, mostly, in Regency London.

There were large estates on the outskirts of London (in areas that are now regarded as almost in the heart of the city….) but most of the houses in the Mayfair area, where the bulk of the aristocracy lived, were what can be called ‘row houses’ – they had adjoining walls, mostly, and every so often, there might be a tiny gap between two houses. Each house was four to five stories above ground, and a semi below ground basement level, with another level of cellars below that.

The streets were laid out such that there were open squares, in which there were fenced gardens, and houses surrounded those on all four sides. Behind the houses there would be a lane, which gave rear access to each house, and was where stables were located (sometimes called mews). Each house might also have a private garden area behind it, separating it from the laneway.  Some examples of this sort of structure still exist in London today.


This is the Google maps satellite view of Manchester Square.  The area circled in red is a mews / laneway in the middle of a block (likely accessed via an archway under part of a building. This is still named a mews today.  The area circled in green is a single stately home (its enormous) which is a museum today, and is beautifully preserved. (we will talk about that, with pictures, in the next newsletter) The area circled in blue shows tall ‘row house’ type homes, and you can still see the laneways and private gardens behind them – whilst other areas of the square show evidence of original buildings having been replaced by more modern blocky buildings, this area is a good indicator of what the homes might have looked like.  Have aplay with this on Google maps yourself, and use street view to see those buildings from ground level, to get an idea of their size.

 

The servants entrance was either through the back lane, or by a separate set of stairs which went down to the basement level from the street, through a gate in the fence near the steps to the main entrance.  In the picture below, which is from Google street view, you can see the top of a window of the basement level, through the fence, just above where I have drawn a red arrow. There was a gap between the footpath and the house, to allow the stairs going down, and to let some natural light into the windows of the servants basement level.

So all of the windows of the upper floors looked out onto the fenced garden in the centre of the square. The fenced gardens were often locked, and only the residents of the street had keys.  Manchester Square is still like that today.

So – there you are – now, when I talk about the characters going into their London townhomes, or looking out of their windows there, you have a picture of what it might look like (less the modern cars etc that you see above, of course!).

The City of London – Why were merchants referred to as ‘Cits’?

If you have read all of the His Majesty’s Hounds books, you will likely remember that Raphael, as a merchant, was referred to by the ton as a ‘Cit’ – a term which was, in a way, derogatory.  So today I thought that I would give you some of the history behind how that appellation for merchants came about.

It all has to do with where merchants lived, and did business, compared to
where the upper classes lived, in the metropolis of London. London was
founded, as a city by (almost) that name, by the Romans – they called it
Londinium. The Romans built strong city walls around the town, in the second century AD – those walls enclosed an area of about 1.2 square miles.

Inside the walls, lived the important people of the time – the wealthy and the wealthy merchants. After Roman rule, the city came to be ruled by a council of merchant and craft guilds – by the City of London Corporation, whose privileges and rights where enshrined in the Magna Carta.

Over time, suburbs grew up outside the City walls, as the city expanded. Soon, the crowded original city was too small, noisy and dirty for the aristocracy to want to live there.  So suburbs designed for the wealthy grew in areas nearby, but with more space, more greenery, and less exposure to the ‘dirty business of trade’.

The wealthy merchants, however, continued to live in the largest and best houses in the original City, as that meant they were close to their business premises, closer to the docks, and better placed to continue to make money.

To distinguish themselves from the merchants (who were, in many cases, wealthier than the aristocracy), and to assert their superiority, the ton came to actively look down on the merchants – investing in a business was suitable, doing actual work in a business was seen as extremely lower class and completely unsuitable for a gentleman. This view also came from the fact that most aristocrats got their money from the produce of their estates – their tenant farmers did the work, an estate manager ran things for them, and the gentleman never had to do any of it.

So to make that distinction clear, the ton came up with the term ‘a Cit’ to refer to someone who worked and lived within the official bounds of the original City of London.

So – next time you see the term in a book, consider ll of the prejudice and upper class superiority of attitude that went into its creation, over a period of centuries!

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